In Rwanda’s capital, Kigali, every morning thousands of engines start up across the country. Most of them are old imported vehicles, with exhaust pipes that release thick, black smoke. Behind this seemingly ordinary routine hides a silent threat: Air pollution a danger to both human health and the environment.
At first glance, the Rwandan capital appears modern and clean. But beneath this polished surface lies a troubling reality. In busy areas like Nyabugogo, Remera and Kimironko, chronic traffic jams turn the city into an open air gas chamber.
Jean-Baptiste, a moto-taxi driver in Remera, shares: “Every day, I spend more than 10 hours in traffic. Sometimes I feel chest pain or have a persistent cough. But what can I do? It’s my livelihood.”
A health threat still underestimated
Dr. Solange sounds the alarm: “We’re seeing an increase in chronic respiratory illnesses, especially among children and the elderly. Prolonged exposure to exhaust fumes particularly those containing nitrogen dioxide and fine particles directly attacks the lungs and weakens the immune system.”
According to a joint study conducted by the Ministry of Health and REMA (Rwanda Environment Management Authority), transport related air pollution accounts for nearly 25% of urban asthma cases and worsens cardiovascular diseases.
The most polluting vehicles are often diesel powered especially minibuses, delivery trucks and imported cars over 15 years old. Although technical inspections are required in Rwanda, many vehicles still operate without meeting emission standards.
An environmental expert at REMA explains: “Fine particles like PM2.5 and PM10, which come from incomplete fuel combustion, penetrate deep into the respiratory system. This is not only a public health issue but also a contributor to climate change.”
He also reminds us that the burning of fossil fuels releases CO₂, a greenhouse gas that warms the atmosphere and disrupts ecological balance.
In front of Kimisagara Primary School, the air is heavy with smoke at pick-up time. Dozens of cars idle while waiting for children. Claudine, a mother of two, shares her concern: “My son has suffered from asthma since we moved to the city. I suspect it’s because of the air he breathes every day.”
What solutions to face this threat?
In 2022, the Rwandan government launched a policy to promote electric vehicles. However, the purchase costs remain high for most citizens. A subsidy was promised, but its implementation for private individuals has been delayed.
Dr. Mugiraneza stresses the urgency of action: “We must introduce low emission zones in cities, promote eco-friendly public transport, plant more trees, and educate the public. Public health is at stake.”
The black smoke coming from exhaust pipes is not just a visual nuisance it’s a silent killer. From chronic diseases to air pollution and climate change, the consequences are severe and far reaching.
To ignore this problem is to accept that our cities become unlivable and that our health gradually deteriorates. It is time for sustainable transport policies to become a national priority because breathing clean air should not be a luxury, but a fundamental right.
BY KAYITESI Ange
